From Graduate School to First Job: Navigating the Transition to Postdoctoral Positions
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# From Graduate School to First Job: Navigating the Transition to Postdoctoral Positions
T.H. Stanley Seah, PhD
Marina Zhukova, PhD
10.27.2026
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Authored by T.H. Stanley Seah, PhD and Marina Zhukova, PhD
_This blog is part of__ADAA’s Early Career Professionals and Students SIG__International Scholars Blog Series__which highlights the experiences of early-career international scholars._
### Graduating with your PhD or terminal degree is a major accomplishment!
For many early career psychologists or mental health professionals, however, graduation does not mark the end of training. Instead, it marks the beginning of a new and sometimes uncertain stage: _The transition from graduate student to independent professional_.
For psychologists, the first position after the PhD is typically a postdoctoral fellowship, particularly in the United States. These positions may be clinically focused, research focused, or combine both. Navigating this transition can be particularly complicated for international scholars, who may face additional considerations related to immigration, licensure, professional culture, funding, and salary negotiation.
#### The “Normative” Transition: What Happens after Graduation?
There is no single pathway from graduation to a first job. Depending on your career goals and the state licensure requirements, you might pursue a clinical postdoctoral fellowship, a research fellowship, a faculty position, a hospital or healthcare position, or a role outside academia.
For those pursuing academic or research careers, a postdoctoral fellowship can provide an opportunity to deepen methodological expertise, develop an independent research program, publish additional work, obtain grant experience, and establish professional networks. Clinical postdoctoral fellowships may provide supervised hours and specialized clinical training needed for licensure, while also allowing early career psychologists to develop expertise with particular populations or interventions.
Importantly, a postdoctoral fellowship should not simply be viewed as “additional year(s) of graduate school.” Ideally, it is a period to develop independence. Before accepting a position, consider what you want to be able to do at the end of the fellowship that you cannot yet do independently. A strong fellowship should help you build those competencies and prepare you for the career you want.
#### International Scholars: An Additional Layer of Complexity
For international graduates, the transition to postdoctoral training may involve challenges that are largely invisible to domestic graduates.
Immigration status is one important consideration. Your ability to accept a position may depend on your visa or immigration status, the institution’s willingness to sponsor a particular visa category, and the timing of your transition. Start these conversations early. Do not assume that an institution can sponsor you simply because it has hired international scholars in the past, as policies and eligibility can vary substantially across time and institutions. Many F-1 graduate students may be eligible for Optional Practical Training (OPT), which is a temporary employment authorization for work directly related to the field of study. Post-completion OPT generally provides up to 12 months of employment authorization, with a possible additional 24 months for eligible STEM graduates.
Know your OPT eligibility before beginning your postdoc search. For example, if you used 12 months or more of full-time Curricular Practical Training (CPT) during your graduate training, you are generally not eligible for OPT. Your eligibility can therefore affect the scope of positions you can pursue. If you are OPT-eligible, you may be able to begin a postdoc without immediate visa sponsorship; if you are not eligible, you will likely need to discuss visa sponsorship (such as H-1B) with prospective employers. Start these conversations early and confirm your individual eligibility with your institution’s international office.
Professional licensure can also be complicated. If your goal is clinical practice in the United States, eligibility differs by state and may require specific coursework, supervised experience, examinations, and documentation of your (post)graduate training. International training may not map neatly onto these requirements. Contact the licensing board in the state where you intend to practice early in your career planning.
Professional norms also differ across institutions and countries. Expectations surrounding supervision, mentorship, networking, authorship, grant writing, self-promotion, and interactions with senior faculty can vary considerably. Practices that feel unfamiliar are not necessarily signs that you are doing something wrong. Rather, they may reflect a different professional culture.
#### Look Beyond Advertised Positions: Funding and Professional Network can Create Opportunities
Not every postdoctoral position is advertised formally. Some positions are supported by a faculty member’s research grant, departmental funds, training grants, or other external funding. Developing relationships with potential mentors can therefore be just as important as searching job advertisements.
If there is a researcher or clinician whose work closely aligns with your interests, consider reaching out even if they are not currently advertising a position. A concise email describing your professional interests, relevant skills, and potential contributions can open conversations about future opportunities. Faculty members may have upcoming grants, pending applications, or unspent funds that could support a trainee.
You can also explore postdoc fellowship funding that allows you to bring your own financial support to a host institution. This can provide greater autonomy and make you a more attractive candidate because the prospective mentor does not have to cover the full cost of your position.
For U.S.-based careers, familiarize yourself with funding mechanisms from organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and professional organizations or foundations in your area. International scholars should also examine the citizenship or visa status for such funding mechanisms. Eligibility restrictions can vary considerably.
#### Evaluate and Negotiate the Job Offer
Receiving an offer can feel like the end of the process but it is actually an opportunity to clarify what the position entails.
Before accepting, ask about salary, benefits, research or clinical responsibilities, protected time, professional development funds, relocation assistance, access to data or research infrastructure, conference support, and expectations for publications and grant applications.
Salary negotiation can feel uncomfortable (cues imposter syndrome), particularly if you come from a professional culture where negotiating with senior colleagues is uncommon. However, asking whether there is flexibility in an offer is not inherently inappropriate. You can approach negotiation professionally and collaboratively by explaining your qualifications, describe relevant market information, and identify specific aspects of the offer you would like to discuss.
Do your homework before negotiating. Resources such as NIH salary guidelines for fellows, institutional salary information, professional association job boards, and conversations with current or former fellows can provide useful benchmarks. For academic positions, The Chronicle of Higher Education’s career resources and the psychology job wiki page can also help you understand the broader academic job market.
Remember that negotiation does not have to be limited to salary. If salary is fixed because of institutional or funding constraints, you might instead ask about a signing or relocation allowance, conference funding, professional development support, research resources, start-up or pilot funds, protected research time, or flexibility in job responsibilities.
For international scholars, clarify visa sponsorship, immigration costs, and employment eligibility before accepting an offer. Ask who is responsible for filing fees and legal costs, what type of visa the institution supports, and whether the position’s funding is sufficient for the full duration of the appointment.
#### Strategies to Make the Transition Smoother
Start planning before your final year of graduate school. If possible, identify potential postdoctoral mentors and institutions before graduation. For those currently on clinical internship, this would be a great starting point. Ask current fellows about their experiences, including how much independence they have, what mentorship looks like, and where previous fellows have gone afterward.
When evaluating positions, consider:
Mentorship: Will you have regular access to someone who can help you develop your career?
Independence: Will you have opportunities to lead projects, publish, present, or develop your own research questions?
Training: Will the position provide professional experiences you actually need for your long-term goals?
Funding: Is the position funded for its full duration? Are there opportunities to pursue your own funding?
Resources: What research, clinical, professional development, or conference support is available?
Career outcomes: Where have previous fellows gone after completing the position?
Practical considerations: Salary, benefits, location, cost of living, and immigration support all matter.
Useful starting points include our SIG’s resource page, the APA’s Early Career Psychologists resources, APA’s international resources, NIH’s Grants & Funding resources, and NIH’s NIH RePORTER database, which can help you identify researchers and laboratories currently receiving NIH funding.
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T.H. Stanley Seah, PhD
T.H. Stanley Seah, PhD
Stanley Seah, PhD, is a licensed psychologist and an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Dr. Seah conducts research and teaches courses in developmental psychopathology, focusing on risk and resilience factors of youth mental health. Dr. …
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Marina Zhukova, PhD
Marina Zhukova, PhD
Marina Zhukova, PhD, is a licensed clinical psychologist and an Assistant Professor at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Dr. Zhukova has more than a decade of clinical and research experience working with children and adolescents with …
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ADAA provides this Website blogs for the benefit of its members and the public. The content, view and opinions published in Blogs written by our personnel or contributors – or from links or posts on the Website from other sources – belong solely to their respective authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of ADAA, its members, management or employees. Any comments or opinions expressed are those of their respective contributors only. Please remember that the open and real-time nature of the comments posted to these venues makes it is impossible for ADAA to confirm the validity of any content posted, and though we reserve the right to review and edit or delete any such comment, we do not guarantee that we will monitor or review it. As such, we are not responsible for any messages posted or the consequences of following any advice offered within such posts. If you find any posts in these posts/comments to be offensive, inaccurate or objectionable, please contact us via email at [email protected] and reference the relevant content. If we determine that removal of a post or posts is necessary, we will make reasonable efforts to do so in a timely manner.
ADAA expressly disclaims responsibility for and liabilities resulting from, any information or communications from and between users of ADAA’s blog post commenting features. Users acknowledge and agree that they may be individually liable for anything they communicate using ADAA’s blogs, including but not limited to defamatory, discriminatory, false or unauthorized information. Users are cautioned that they are responsible for complying with the requirements of applicable copyright and trademark laws and regulations. By submitting a response, comment or content, you agree that such submission is non-confidential for all purposes. Any submission to this Website will be deemed and remain the property of ADAA.
The ADAA blogs are forums for individuals to share their opinions, experiences and thoughts related to mental illness. ADAA wants to ensure the integrity of this service and therefore, use of this service is limited to participants who agree to adhere to the following guidelines:
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Please note that there is a review process whereby all comments posted to blog posts and webinars are reviewed by ADAA staff to determine appropriateness before comments are posted. ADAA reserves the right to remove or edit a post containing offensive material as defined by ADAA.
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